Carmen M. Reinhart: Eight Hundred Years of Financial Folly
The economics profession has an unfortunate tendency to view recent experience in the narrow window provided by standard datasets. With a few notable exceptions, cross-country empirical studies of financial crises typically begin in 1980 and are limited in other important respects.2 Yet an event that is rare in a three-decade span may not be all that rare when placed in a broader context.
In a recent paper co-authored with Kenneth Rogoff, we introduce a comprehensive new historical database for studying debt and banking crises, inflation, currency crashes and debasements.3 The database covers sixty-six countries across all regions. The range of variables encompasses external and domestic debt, trade, GNP, inflation, exchange rates, interest rates, and commodity prices. The coverage spans eight centuries, going back to the date of independence or well into the colonial period for some countries.
In what follows, I sketch some of the highlights of the dataset, with special reference to the current conjuncture. We note that policymakers should not be overly cheered by the absence of major external defaults from 2003 to 2007, after the wave of defaults in the preceding two decades. Serial default remains the norm; major default episodes are typically spaced some years (or decades) apart, creating an illusion that “this time is different” among policymakers and investors. We also find that high inflation, currency crashes, and debasements often go hand-in-hand with default. Last, but not least, we find that historically, significant waves of increased capital mobility are often followed by a string of domestic banking crises.
………………..
Book: This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly
- John Mauldin's Outside The Box: A Primer On The Euro Breakup
It's one thing to say that peripheral eurozone countries are better off leaving the euro, but how, exactly? And how severe can we expect the consequences to be, not only for those nations but also for the entire eurozone – and for the rest of us,...
- Hussman Weekly Market Comment: Simple Arithmetic
As I've noted several times in recent months, bond market spreads imply very low near-term (3-6 month) probability of default in any Euro-area country. A sovereign default is much more likely to occur near the end of the next bear market, whenever...
- The Economy Can’t Grow With Debt - By Carmen M. Reinhart And Kenneth S. Rogoff
As public debt in advanced countries reaches levels not seen since the end of World War II, there is considerable debate about the urgency of taming deficits with the aim of stabilizing and ultimately reducing debt as a percentage of gross domestic product....
- Wsj: Reinhart And Rogoff: Higher Debt May Stunt Economic Growth - By Mark Whitehouse
To all the reasons to worry about the rapid rise in government debt in the wake of the financial crisis, add another: It’ll stunt our growth. In a new paper presented Monday at the annual meeting of the American Economic Association, Carmen Reinhart...
- Hussman Weekly Market Comment: Credit Crises Generally Require Multi-year Adjustments
There are some good graphs and quotes from Ken Rogoff and Carmen Reinhart’s book in the latest Hussman piece linked below. Some things in this piece reminded me of something Howard Marks wrote in his memo entitled The Long View: “In my opinion, there...